S - ii

 

Our headquarters and principal executive offices, development, and some of our suppliers and third-party contractors are located in central Israel. In addition, a number of our key employees, the majority of our officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries, and between Israel and the Hamas (an Islamist militia and political group in the Gaza Strip) and Hezbollah (an Islamist militia and political group in Lebanon).

In October 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on the Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in other areas within the State of Israel. These attacks resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries, and Hamas additionally kidnapped many Israeli civilians and soldiers. Following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas, which is ongoing.  As a result, the Israeli military began to call-up reservists for active duty. None of our employees were called up for active duty; however military service call ups that result in absences of personnel from us for an extended period of time may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. As of the date hereof, we currently have 69 full-time and 7 part-time employees, with 40 employees located in Israel and 36 employees located outside of Israel.

In addition, since the commencement of the Israel-Hamas war, there have been continued hostilities along Israel’s northern border with Lebanon (with the Hezbollah terror organization) and on other fronts from various extremist groups in region, such as the Houthis in Yemen and various rebel militia groups in Syria and Iraq. Iran has also launched drone and missile attacks on military and civilian targets within Israel. It is possible that the Israel-Hamas war, Hezbollah attacks on Israel, the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea, and other ongoing conflicts will escalate into a greater regional conflict, including the potential for war between Israel and Iran, and that other countries and non-state organizations will join or escalate their involvement in such hostilities.

Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions, could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements, when necessary, in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements. Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition or the expansion of our business. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our operations and results of operations.

 

Since the beginning of the Israel-Hamas war, the international credit rating agencies have reviewed Israel’s credit rating. Fitch has lowered Israel’s credit rating from A+ to A. S&P Global Ratings lowered its long-term foreign and local currency sovereign credit ratings on Israel to A+ from AA- and the short-term ratings to A-1 from A-1+. Credit rating agencies could further lower Israel’s credit rating in the future, which could disrupt the business environment in Israel and make investors hesitant to invest or transact business in Israel.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of events associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or, if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Since the war broke out on October 7, 2023, our operations have not been adversely affected by this situation, and we have not experienced disruptions to our clinical studies. Our commercial operations including the manufacturing operations and supply of APHEXDA take place in the United States and therefore remain unaffected by the war against Hamas. However, the intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict at this stage, as are such war’s economic implications on our business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general.  Prolonged and/or heightened instability could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations in the future.

 

Finally, political conditions within Israel may affect our operations. Israel has held five general elections between 2019 and 2022, and prior to October 2023, the Israeli government pursued extensive changes to Israel’s judicial system, which sparked extensive political debate and unrest. To date, these initiatives have been substantially put on hold. Actual or perceived political instability in Israel or any negative changes in the political environment, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Israeli economy and, in turn, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

If we fail to comply with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our ADSs may be delisted and the price of our ADSs and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted.

 

Our ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. As such, we are required to meet the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market and other Nasdaq rules, including those regarding director independence and independent committee requirements, minimum shareholders’ equity, minimum share price and certain other corporate governance requirements. In particular, we are required to maintain a minimum bid price for our listed ADSs of $1.00 per share.

 

On May 13, 2024, we were notified by the Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC, or Nasdaq, that we were not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share, and Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. The notification provided that we had 180 calendar days, or until November 11, 2024, to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). To regain compliance, the bid price of our ADSs must have a closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days. Since we did not regain compliance by November 11, 2024, we requested and received from The Nasdaq Capital Market an additional 180 calendar days, or until May 12, 2025, to comply with the minimum bid price. If we fail to regain compliance during the second compliance period, then Nasdaq will notify us of its determination to delist our ADSs, at which point we will have an opportunity to appeal the delisting determination to a Hearings Panel.

No assurance can be given that we will be able to regain compliance with the rule. If we do not meet these or other continued listing requirements, our ADSs could be delisted. A delisting of our ADSs from Nasdaq could materially reduce the liquidity of our ADSs and result in a corresponding material reduction in the price of our ADSs. In addition, delisting could harm our ability to raise capital through alternative financing sources on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, employees and fewer business development opportunities and strategic alternatives. There can be no assurance that our ADSs, if delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future, would be listed on a national securities exchange, a national quotation service, the Over-The-Counter Markets or the pink sheets. Delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market, or even the issuance of a notice of potential delisting, would also result in negative publicity, make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital, adversely affect the market liquidity of our ADSs, reduce security analysts’ coverage of us and diminish investor, supplier and employee confidence. Additionally, the threat of delisting or a delisting of our ADSs from the Nasdaq Capital Market, could reduce the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our ADSs, thereby further restricting our ability to obtain equity financing, and it could reduce our ability to retain, attract and motivate our directors, officers and employees. In addition, as a consequence of any such delisting, our share price could be negatively affected and our shareholders would likely find it more difficult to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations as to the prices of, our ADSs.

About this Prospectus	1
Our Business	2
Risk Factors	3
Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	4
Forward-Looking Statements	5
Capitalization	6
Use of Proceeds	7
Description of Ordinary Shares	8
Description of American Depositary Shares	13
Description of Debt Securities	18
Description of Subscription Rights	30
Description of Warrants	31
Description of Units	33
Taxation	34
Plan of Distribution	35
Legal Matters	38
Experts	39
Where You Can Find More Information	40
Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference	41
Enforceability of Civil Liabilities	42
Expenses	43

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the initiation, timing, progress and results of our preclinical studies, clinical trials, and other therapeutic candidate development efforts;

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our ability to advance our therapeutic candidates into clinical trials or to successfully complete our preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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whether the clinical trial results for APHEXDA will be predictive of real-world results;

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our receipt of regulatory approvals for our therapeutic candidates, and the timing of other regulatory filings and approvals;

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the clinical development, commercialization, and market acceptance of our therapeutic candidates, including the degree and pace of market uptake of APHEXDA;

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whether access to APHEXDA is achieved in a commercially viable manner and whether APHEXDA receives adequate reimbursement from third-party payors;

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our ability to establish, manage, and maintain corporate collaborations, as well as the ability of our collaborators to execute on their development and commercialization plans;

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our ability to integrate new therapeutic candidates and new personnel;

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the interpretation of the properties and characteristics of our therapeutic candidates and of the results obtained with our therapeutic candidates in preclinical studies or clinical trials;

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the implementation of our business model and strategic plans for our business and therapeutic candidates;

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the scope of protection that we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering our therapeutic candidates and our ability to operate our business without infringing the intellectual property rights of others;

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estimates of our expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and our need for and ability to access sufficient additional financing, including any unexpected costs or delays in the ongoing commercial launch of APHEXDA;

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risks related to changes in healthcare laws, rules, and regulations in the United States or elsewhere;

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competitive companies, technologies, and our industry;

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statements as to the impact of the political and security situation in Israel on our business, including the impact of Israel’s war with Hamas and other militant groups, which may exacerbate the magnitude of the factors discussed above.

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102,437,055 ordinary shares represented by 6,829,137 ADSs issued in a private placement at a purchase price of $2.136 per ADS that closed in October 2023;

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221,511,544 ordinary shares represented by 14,767,436 ADSs issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, at a weighted average exercise price of $0.17 per share (and $2.58 per ADS);

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118,902,810 ordinary shares represented by 7,926,854 ADSs issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options under our Amended and Restated 2003 Share Incentive Plan, or the Share Incentive Plan, at a weighted average exercise price of $0.12 per share (and $1.77 per ADS);

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32,542,380 ordinary shares represented by 2,169,492 ADSs issuable upon the vesting of restricted stock units and performance stock units under our Share Incentive Plan; and

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19,643,388 ordinary shares represented by 1,309,559 ADSs reserved for future issuance under our Share Incentive Plan.

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the exercise of our Board of Director’s powers by a general meeting, if our Board of Directors is unable to exercise its powers and the exercise of any of its powers is required for our proper management.

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an appointment or removal of directors;

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an approval of transactions with office holders, a controlling shareholder or parties related to the foregoing;

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an approval of a merger;

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authorizing the chairman of the board of directors or his relative to act as the company’s chief executive officer or act with such authority; or authorize the company’s chief executive officer or his relative to act as the chairman of the board of directors or act with such authority;

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any other matter in respect of which there is a provision in the articles of association providing that decisions of the general meeting may also be passed by written ballot; and

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other matters which may be prescribed by Israel’s Minister of Justice.

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make the rights available to all or certain holders of ADSs, by means of warrants or otherwise, if lawful and practically feasible; or

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attempt to sell those rights or warrants or other instruments.

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payment of stock transfer or other taxes or other governmental charges and transfer or registration fees charged by third parties for the transfer of any shares or other deposited securities; and

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satisfactory proof of the identity and genuineness of any signature or other information it deems necessary.

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collect dividends and other distributions pertaining to deposited securities;

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sell rights as described under the heading “Dividends, other distributions and rights — Rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares and other rights” above; and

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deliver deposited securities, together with any dividends or other distributions received with respect thereto and the net proceeds of the sale of any rights or other property, in exchange for surrendered ADSs.

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taxes and other governmental charges;

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any applicable transfer or registration fees;

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certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission charges as provided in the deposit agreement;

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any expenses incurred in the conversion of foreign currency;

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a fee of $5.00 or less per 100 ADSs (or a portion thereof) for the execution and delivery of ADRs and the surrender of ADRs, including if the deposit agreement terminates;

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a fee of $.05 or less per ADS (or portion thereof) for any cash distribution made pursuant to the deposit agreement;

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a fee for the distribution of securities pursuant to the deposit agreement;

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in addition to any fee charged for a cash distribution, a fee of $.05 or less per ADS (or portion thereof) per annum for depositary services;

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a fee for the distribution of proceeds of rights that the Depositary sells pursuant to the deposit agreement; and

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any other charges payable by the Depositary, any of the Depositary’s agents, or the agents of the Depositary’s agents in connection with the servicing of ordinary shares or other Deposited Securities.

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are only obligated to take the actions specifically set forth in the deposit agreement without negligence or bad faith;

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are not liable if we are or it is prevented or delayed by law or by events or circumstances beyond our or its ability to prevent or counteract with reasonable care or effort from performing our or its obligations under the deposit agreement;

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are not liable if we or it exercise discretion permitted under the deposit agreement;

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are not liable for the inability of any holder of ADSs to benefit from any distribution on deposited securities that is not made available to holders of ADSs under the terms of the deposit agreement, or for any special, consequential, or punitive damages for any breach of the terms of the deposit agreement;

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have no obligation to become involved in a lawsuit or other proceeding related to the ADSs or the deposit agreement on your behalf or on behalf of any other person;

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are not liable for the acts or omissions of any securities depository, clearing agency or settlement system; and

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may rely upon any documents we believe or it believes in good faith to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper person.

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the designation or title of the series of debt securities;

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the total principal amount of the series of debt securities;

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the percentage of the principal amount at which the series of debt securities will be offered;

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the date or dates on which principal will be payable;

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the rate or rates (which may be either fixed or variable) and/or the method of determining such rate or rates of interest, if any;

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the date or dates from which any interest will accrue, or the method of determining such date or dates, and the date or dates on which any interest will be payable;

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whether any interest may be paid by issuing additional securities of the same series in lieu of cash (and the terms upon which any such interest may be paid by issuing additional securities);

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the terms for redemption, extension, or early repayment, if any;

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the currencies in which the series of debt securities are issued and payable;

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whether the amount of any payments of principal, premium or interest, if any, on a series of debt securities will be determined with reference to an index, formula or other method (which could be based on one or more currencies, commodities, equity indices or other indices) and how these amounts will be determined;

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the place or places, if any, other than or in addition to the Borough of Manhattan in the City of New York, of payment, transfer, conversion and/or exchange of the debt securities;

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the denominations in which the offered debt securities will be issued (if other than $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof for registered securities);

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the provision for any sinking fund;

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any restrictive covenants;

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any Events of Default (as defined below);

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whether the series of debt securities are issuable in certificated form;

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any provisions for defeasance or covenant defeasance;

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any provisions regarding any future changes or modifications of the terms of the series of debt securities in light of the requirements under applicable law for effecting such changes or modifications;

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any special Israeli and/or U.S. federal income tax implications, including, if applicable, Israeli and/or U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to original issue discount;

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whether and under what circumstances we will pay additional amounts in respect of any tax, assessment, or governmental charge and, if so, whether we will have the option to redeem the debt securities rather than pay the additional amounts (and the terms of this option);

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any provisions for convertibility or exchangeability of the debt securities into or for any other securities;

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whether the debt securities are subject to subordination and the terms of such subordination;

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whether the debt securities are secured or unsecured and the terms of any security interests;

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the listing, if any, on a securities exchange; and

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any other terms.

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how it handles securities payments and notices;

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whether it imposes fees or charges;

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how it would handle a request for the holders’ consent, if ever required;

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whether and how you can instruct it to send you debt securities registered in your own name so you can be a holder, if that is permitted in the future for a particular series of debt securities;

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how it would exercise rights under the debt securities if there were a default or other event triggering the need for holders to act to protect their interests; and

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if the debt securities are in book-entry form, how the depositary’s rules and procedures will affect these matters.

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An investor cannot cause the debt securities to be registered in his or her name and cannot obtain certificates for his or her interest in the debt securities, except in the special situations we describe below.

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An investor will be an indirect holder and must look to his or her own bank or broker for payments on the debt securities and protection of his or her legal rights relating to the debt securities, as we describe under “Issuance of Securities in Registered Form” above.

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An investor may not be able to sell interests in the debt securities to some insurance companies and other institutions that are required by law to own their securities in non-book-entry form.

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An investor may not be able to pledge his or her interest in a global security in circumstances where certificates representing the debt securities must be delivered to the lender or other beneficiary of the pledge in order for the pledge to be effective.

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The depositary’s policies, which may change from time to time, will govern payments, transfers, exchanges, and other matters relating to an investor’s interest in a global security. We and the trustee have no responsibility for any aspect of the depositary’s actions or for its records of ownership interests in a global security. We and the trustee also do not supervise the depositary in any way.

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If we redeem less than all the debt securities of a particular series being redeemed, DTC’s practice is to determine by lot the amount to be redeemed from each of its participants holding that series.

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An investor is required to give notice of the exercise of any option to elect repayment of its debt securities, through its participant, to the applicable trustee and to deliver the related debt securities by causing its participant to transfer its interest in those debt securities, on DTC’s records, to the applicable trustee.

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DTC requires that those who purchase and sell interests in a global security deposited in its book‑entry system use immediately available funds. Your broker or bank may also require you to use immediately available funds when purchasing or selling interests in a global security.

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Financial institutions that participate in the depositary’s book‑entry system, and through which an investor holds its interest in a global security, may also have their own policies affecting payments, notices and other matters relating to the debt securities. There may be more than one financial intermediary in the chain of ownership for an investor. We do not monitor and are not responsible for the actions of any of those intermediaries.

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We do not pay interest on a debt security of the series within thirty (30) days of its due date.

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We do not pay the principal of, or any premium on, a debt security of the series on its due date.

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We do not deposit any sinking fund payment in respect of debt securities of the series within two (2) business days of its due date.

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We remain in breach of a covenant in respect of debt securities of the series for sixty (60) days after we receive a written notice of default stating we are in breach. The notice must be sent by either the trustee or holders of at least 25% of the principal amount of debt securities of the series.

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We file for bankruptcy or certain other events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occur.

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Any other Event of Default in respect of debt securities of the series described in the applicable prospectus supplement occurs.

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You must give your trustee written notice that an Event of Default has occurred and remains uncured.

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The holders of at least 25% in principal amount of all outstanding debt securities of the relevant series must make a written request that the trustee take action because of the default and must offer reasonable indemnity to the trustee against the cost and other liabilities of taking that action.

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The trustee must not have taken action for sixty (60) days after receipt of the above notice and offer of indemnity.

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The holders of a majority in principal amount of the debt securities must not have given the trustee a direction inconsistent with the above notice during that sixty (60) day period.

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the payment of principal, any premium or interest; or

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in respect of a covenant that cannot be modified or amended without the consent of each holder.

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Where we merge out of existence or sell our assets, the resulting entity must agree to be legally responsible for our obligations under the debt securities.

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The merger or sale of assets must not cause a default on the debt securities and we must not already be in default (unless the merger or sale would cure the default). For purposes of this no‑default test, a default would include an Event of Default that has occurred and has not been cured, as described under “Events of Default” above. A default for this purpose would also include any event that would be an Event of Default if the requirements for giving us a notice of default or our default having to exist for a specific period of time were disregarded.

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We must deliver certain certificates and documents to the trustee.

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We must satisfy any other requirements specified in the prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of debt securities.

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change the stated maturity of the principal of, or interest on, a debt security;

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reduce any amounts due on a debt security;

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reduce the amount of principal payable upon acceleration of the maturity of a security following a default;

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adversely affect any right of repayment at the holder’s option;

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change the place (except as otherwise described in the prospectus or prospectus supplement) or currency of payment on a debt security;

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impair the right of a holder of the debt securities to sue for payment;

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adversely affect any right to convert or exchange a debt security in accordance with its terms;

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modify the subordination provisions in the indenture in a manner that is adverse to holders of the debt securities;

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reduce the percentage of holders of debt securities whose consent is needed to modify or amend the indenture;

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reduce the percentage of holders of debt securities whose consent is needed to waive compliance with certain provisions of the indenture or to waive certain defaults;

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modify any other aspect of the provisions of the indenture dealing with supplemental indentures, modification and waiver of past defaults, changes to the quorum or voting requirements or the waiver of certain covenants; and

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change any obligation we have to pay additional amounts.

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If the change affects only one series of debt securities, it must be approved by the holders of a majority in principal amount of that series.

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If the change affects more than one series of debt securities issued under the same indenture, it must be approved by the holders of a majority in principal amount of all of the series affected by the change, with all affected series voting together as one class for this purpose.

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For original issue discount securities, we will use the principal amount that would be due and payable on the voting date if the maturity of these debt securities were accelerated to that date because of a default.

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For debt securities whose principal amount is not known (for example, because it is based on an index), we will use the principal face amount at original issuance or a special rule for that debt security described in the prospectus supplement.

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For debt securities denominated in one (1) or more foreign currencies, we will use the dollar equivalent.

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If the debt securities of the particular series are denominated in dollars, we must deposit in trust for the benefit of all holders of such debt securities a combination of money and U.S. government or U.S. government agency notes or bonds that will generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other payments on the debt securities on their various due dates and any mandatory sinking fund payments or analogous payments.

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We must deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel confirming that, under current U.S. federal income tax law, we may make the above deposit without causing you to be taxed on the debt securities any differently than if we did not make the deposit and just repaid the debt securities ourselves at maturity.

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We must deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel stating that the above deposit does not require registration by us under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act, and a legal opinion and officers’ certificate stating that all conditions precedent to covenant defeasance have been complied with.

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Defeasance must not result in a breach of the indenture or any of our other material agreements.

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Satisfy the conditions for covenant defeasance contained in any supplemental indentures.

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If the debt securities of the particular series are denominated in dollars, we must deposit in trust for the benefit of all holders of such debt securities a combination of money and U.S. government or U.S. government agency notes or bonds that will generate enough cash to make interest, principal and any other payments on the debt securities on their various due dates and any mandatory sinking fund payments or analogous payments.

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We must deliver to the trustee a legal opinion confirming that there has been a change in current U.S. federal tax law or an IRS ruling that allows us to make the above deposit without causing you to be taxed on the debt securities any differently than if we did not make the deposit and just repaid the debt securities ourselves at maturity. Under current U.S. federal tax law, the deposit and our legal release from the debt securities would be treated as though we paid you your share of the cash and notes or bonds at the time the cash and notes or bonds were deposited in trust in exchange for your debt securities and you would recognize gain or loss on the debt securities at the time of the deposit.

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We must deliver to the trustee a legal opinion of our counsel stating that the above deposit does not require registration by us under the 1940 Act and a legal opinion and officers’ certificate stating that all conditions precedent to defeasance have been complied with.

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Defeasance must not result in a breach of the indenture or any of our other material agreements.

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Satisfy the conditions for covenant defeasance contained in any supplemental indentures.

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only in fully registered certificated form;

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without interest coupons; and

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unless we indicate otherwise in the prospectus supplement, in denominations of $1,000 and amounts that are multiples of $1,000.

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our indebtedness (including indebtedness of others guaranteed by us), whenever created, incurred, assumed or guaranteed, for money borrowed, that we have designated as “Designated Senior Indebtedness” for purposes of the indenture and in accordance with the terms of the indenture (including any indenture securities designated as Designated Senior Indebtedness); and

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renewals, extensions, modifications and refinancings of any of this indebtedness.

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the price, if any, for the subscription rights;

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the exercise price payable for each ordinary share and/or ADS upon the exercise of the subscription rights;

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the number of subscription rights to be issued to each shareholder;

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the number and terms of the ordinary shares and/or ADSs which may be purchased per each subscription right;

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the extent to which the subscription rights are transferable;

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any other terms of the subscription rights, including the terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the subscription rights;

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the date on which the right to exercise the subscription rights shall commence, and the date on which the subscription rights shall expire;

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the extent to which the subscription rights may include an over-subscription privilege with respect to unsubscribed securities; and

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if applicable, the material terms of any standby underwriting or purchase arrangement which may be entered into by us in connection with the offering of subscription rights.

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any other terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the warrants.

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through agents;

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to or through one or more underwriters on a firm commitment or agency basis;

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through put or call option transactions relating to the securities;

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to or through dealers, who may act as agents or principals, including a block trade (which may involve crosses) in which a broker or dealer so engaged will attempt to sell as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction;

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through privately negotiated transactions;

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purchases by a broker or dealer as principal and resale by such broker or dealer for its own account pursuant to this prospectus;

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directly to purchasers, including our affiliates, through a specific bidding or auction process, on a negotiated basis or otherwise; to or through one or more underwriters on a firm commitment or best efforts basis;

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exchange distributions and/or secondary distributions;

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ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker solicits purchasers;

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in “at-the-market” offerings, within the meaning of Rule 415(a)(4) of the Securities Act to or through a market maker or into an existing trading market, on an exchange or otherwise;

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transactions not involving market makers or established trading markets, including direct sales or privately negotiated transactions;

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transactions in options, swaps or other derivatives that may or may not be listed on an exchange or

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through any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law; or

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through a combination of any such methods of sale.

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a stabilizing bid means the placing of any bid, or the effecting of any purchase, for the purpose of pegging, fixing, or maintaining the price of a security.

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a syndicate covering transaction means the placing of any bid on behalf of the underwriting syndicate or the effecting of any purchase to reduce a short position created in connection with the offering.

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a penalty bid means an arrangement that permits the managing underwriter to reclaim a selling concession from a syndicate member in connection with the offering when offered securities originally sold by the syndicate member are purchased in syndicate covering transactions.

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the judgment was rendered by a court which was, according to the laws of the state of the court, competent to render the judgment;

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the obligation imposed by the judgment is enforceable according to the rules relating to the enforceability of judgments in Israel and the substance of the judgment is not contrary to public policy; and

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the judgment was given in a state whose laws do not provide for the enforcement of judgments of Israeli courts (subject to exceptional cases);

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the enforcement of the judgment is likely to prejudice the sovereignty or security of the State of Israel;

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the opportunity given to the defendant to bring its arguments and evidence before the court was not reasonable in the opinion of the Israeli court;

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the judgment was rendered by a court not competent to render it according to the laws of private international law as they apply in Israel;

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the judgment is contradictory to another judgment that was given in the same matter between the same parties and that is still valid; or

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at the time the action was brought in the foreign court, a lawsuit in the same matter and between the same parties was pending before a court or tribunal in Israel.

SEC registration fees		$	27,959
FINRA filing fee		$	38,000
Legal fees and expenses		$	*
Accountants’ fees and expenses		$	*
Printing Fees		$	*
Miscellaneous		$	*
Total		$	*

*	These fees and expenses depend on the securities offered and the number of issuances and accordingly cannot be estimated at this time.